## Educational Essentials

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Qualified small business stock (QSBS)\
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Understand the qualified small business requirements and how to take advantage of QSBS tax treatment for eligible stock options.
[Learn more](https://fund-forecasting@carta.com/sg/en/learn/startups/tax-planning/qsbs/)

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How stock options are taxed: A complete guide\
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Learn about stock options taxes, including the tax treatment differences between ISOs and NSOs, holding periods, exercising, and the alternative minimum tax.
[Learn more](https://fund-forecasting@carta.com/sg/en/learn/equity/stock-options/taxes/)

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How stock options work\
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Learn the fundamentals of stock options, including the different types, how they are granted and vested, and the process for exercising and paying taxes.
[Learn more](https://fund-forecasting@carta.com/sg/en/learn/equity/stock-options/)

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Vesting: A guide to equity schedules\
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Learn everything you need to know about vesting, including how vesting schedules work and how to structure them for your team.
[Learn more](https://fund-forecasting@carta.com/sg/en/learn/equity/stock-options/vesting/)

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Advisory shares: A founder’s guide\
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Learn how advisory shares work for early-stage companies, and how to start issuing equity to your advisors with this comprehensive guide.
[Learn more](https://fund-forecasting@carta.com/sg/en/learn/startups/equity-management/advisory-shares/)

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A founder’s guide to the 409A valuation\
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Learn everything you need to know about 409A valuations including what they are, when you need a valuation, valuation methodologies, and the full process.
[Learn more](https://fund-forecasting@carta.com/sg/en/learn/startups/equity-management/409a-valuation/)